The Knuckles Mountain Range, also known locally as “Dumbara Kanduvetiya” meaning “mist-laden mountains”, is one of the most enchanting and biodiverse regions in Sri Lanka. Rising majestically in the central highlands near Kandy and Matale, this range derives its English name from its unique shape — when viewed from certain angles in the Kandy area, the series of peaks resemble the knuckles of a clenched fist. The range is part of the Central Highlands World Heritage Site declared by UNESCO in 2010, recognizing its exceptional natural beauty and ecological significance.
Geographical Location and Landscape
The Knuckles Mountain Range covers an area of about 155 square kilometers, spreading across the districts of Kandy and Matale in the Central Province of Sri Lanka. The mountains rise between 900 meters and 1,900 meters above sea level, with the highest peak being Gombaniya, which towers at approximately 1,906 meters. The region features a dramatic landscape of deep valleys, cascading waterfalls, and thick forests, creating a paradise for nature lovers and trekkers.
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| Gombaniya mountain |
Lanka’s major rivers, including the Mahaweli River, Malu River, and Heen River. The area’s geography supports a wide range of ecosystems — from cloud forests at higher elevations to dry evergreen forests at lower altitudes. This variation in altitude and climate contributes to the region’s incredible biodiversity.
Climate and Natural Environment
The Knuckles Range experiences a cool, misty, and humid climate throughout the year, making it one of the most refreshing places in Sri Lanka. The temperature ranges between 16°C and 26°C, though it can drop to below 10°C at night in higher regions. Frequent rainfall and thick fog give the area its mystical atmosphere. The mist that blankets the mountains almost daily creates a dreamlike setting — a reason why it’s often called the Misty Mountains of Sri Lanka.
Biodiversity and Ecology
The Knuckles Mountain Range is a biological treasure trove. Over 34 percent of Sri Lanka’s endemic trees, shrubs, and herbs are found here. It is home to nearly 200 species of birds, 100 species of butterflies, and a remarkable number of amphibians and reptiles. Among the notable species are the Knuckles pygmy lizard (Cophotis dumbara), Sri Lanka blue magpie, purple-faced langur, and several types of endemic frogs and orchids.
The area is also an important habitat for large mammals such as sambar deer, wild boar, leopards, and barking deer. However, sightings of large animals are relatively rare due to the dense vegetation and remote terrain. The forests also contain medicinal plants and herbs used in traditional Sri Lankan Ayurveda.
UNESCO has recognized the Knuckles Range as a World Heritage Conservation Area not only for its natural beauty but also for its ecological significance. It acts as a vital catchment area that sustains water supplies for agriculture and human settlements downstream, emphasizing its environmental importance.
Cultural and Historical Significance
Apart from its natural wealth, the Knuckles Range also holds cultural and historical importance. The region has been inhabited for centuries by small farming communities who have adapted to the mountain environment. Villages such as Meemure, Narangamuwa, and Galauda still preserve traditional lifestyles and customs, offering visitors a glimpse into Sri Lanka’s rural heritage.
These villages are surrounded by terraced paddy fields, crystal-clear streams, and traditional houses made of clay and bamboo. The people live simple lives, depending on agriculture and forest resources. Their respect for nature and sustainable way of living have helped preserve the region’s pristine condition over generations.
According to local legends, the mountains are also associated with ancient Sinhalese kings and mythical stories. Some believe that the area served as a hiding place for royal treasures during times of war. The mystery and folklore surrounding these misty peaks add another layer of fascination to the region.
Tourism and Adventure
The Knuckles Mountain Range has become a popular destination for eco-tourism and adventure travel. Its rugged terrain and scenic trails attract hikers, trekkers, and nature photographers from around the world. The most popular trekking routes include trails to Dothalugala, Mini World’s End, Lakegala, and Meemure Village.
A trek through Knuckles is a journey through varying climates and ecosystems — from dry scrublands to cool cloud forests within a few kilometers. Travelers encounter waterfalls, rivers, caves, and panoramic viewpoints offering stunning vistas of the central highlands.
For those seeking serenity, Knuckles provides peaceful camping spots and opportunities for birdwatching and photography. However, due to its ecological sensitivity, visitors are encouraged to travel with licensed guides and minimize their environmental impact.
Conservation and Threats
Despite being a protected area, the Knuckles Range faces several environmental threats. Deforestation, illegal logging, chena cultivation (slash-and-burn farming), and human encroachment have affected certain parts of the range. Climate change poses an additional challenge, threatening the delicate balance of its ecosystems.
The Sri Lankan government, along with international conservation organizations, has taken steps to preserve this valuable ecosystem. The Knuckles Conservation Forest is managed by the Department of Forest Conservation, which promotes sustainable tourism and community involvement in conservation efforts. Local villagers are increasingly being included in eco-tourism programs, providing them with income while encouraging forest protection.
Scientific and Educational Importance
The Knuckles Range also serves as a natural laboratory for scientists, researchers, and students. Its diverse flora and fauna provide opportunities for studying climate change, ecology, hydrology, and endemic species. Many universities and environmental organizations conduct research and awareness programs in the area, emphasizing its global scientific value.
Conclusion
The Knuckles Mountain Range stands as one of Sri Lanka’s greatest natural wonders — a place where misty peaks touch the sky, rivers carve through deep valleys, and life thrives in countless forms. Its unique combination of natural beauty, biodiversity, and cultural richness makes it a symbol of Sri Lanka’s ecological heritage.
Preserving this mountain range is not only essential for protecting the island’s biodiversity but also for maintaining the water sources and livelihoods that depend on it. As visitors, explorers, and citizens, we must appreciate and safeguard this precious gift of nature. The Knuckles Range reminds us of the harmony between people and the environment — a balance that must be maintained for generations to come.
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